Bedienungsanleitung Caldera Utopia serie - 2017 (Seite 16 von 44) (Englisch)

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Water Quality and Maintenance

GLOSSARY

The following chemical terms are used in this Water Quality and

Maintenance section. Understanding their meaning will help you to

better understand the water maintenance process.

Bromamines: Compounds formed when bromine combines with

nitrogen from body oils, urine, perspiration, etc. Unlike chloramines,

bromamines have no pungent odor, and are effective sanitizers.

Bromine: A halogen sanitizer (in the same chemical family as chlorine).

Bromine is commonly used in stick, tablet, or granular form however,

stick and tablet form should NOT be used.

Calcium Hardness: The amount of dissolved calcium in the spa water.

This should be approximately 50 -150 ppm (ACE: 25 – 75 ppm). High

levels of calcium can cause cloudy water and scaling. Low levels can

cause harm to the spa equipment.

Chloramines: Compounds formed when chlorine combines with

nitrogen from body oils, urine, perspiration, etc. Chloramines can cause

eye irritation as well as having a strong odor. Unlike bromamines,

chloramines are weaker, slower sanitizers.

Chlorine: An efficient sanitizing chemical for spas. Watkins

Manufacturing Corporation recommends the use of sodium dichlor-type

granulated chlorine. This type is preferred because it is totally soluble

and nearly pH neutral.

Chlorine (or Bromine) Residual: The amount of chlorine or bromine

remaining after chlorine or bromine demand has been satisfied. The

residual is, therefore,

the amount of sanitizer which is chemically available to

kill bacteria, viruses and algae.

Corrosion: The gradual wearing away of metal and plastic spa parts,

usually caused by chemical action. Generally, corrosion is caused by low

pH or by

water with levels of TA, CH, pH or sanitizer which are outside the

recommended ranges.

Halogen: Any one of these five elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine,

iodine, and astatine.

MPS: Monopersulfate is a non-chlorine oxidizer.

Nitric Acid: The formulation of nitric acid, a highly corrosive chemical,

is a byproduct of the ozone generating process. Nitric acid is produced

in very small quantities and is readily dissolved in the water stream with

ozone.

Oxidizer: The use of an oxidizing chemical is to prevent the buildup of

contaminants, maximize sanitizer efficiency, minimize combined chlorine

and improve water clarity. See MPS and Ozone.

Ozone: Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent which is produced in

nature and artificially by man. Ozone forms no byproducts, oxidizes

chloramines, and will not alter the water’s pH.

pH: The measure of the spa water’s acidity and alkalinity. The

recommended pH for the spa water is 7.2 to 7.8. Below 7.0 (considered

neutral), the spa water is too acidic and can damage the heating system.

Above 7.8, the water is too

alkaline and can result in cloudy water, and

scale formation on the shell and heater.

ppm: The abbreviation of “parts per million”, the standard measurement

of chemical concentration in water. Identical to mg/l (milligrams per liter).

Reagent: A chemical material in liquid, powder, or tablet form for use in

chemical testing.

Sanitizer: Sanitizers are added and maintained at recommended

residuals to protect bathers against pathogenic organisms which can

cause disease and infection in spa water.

Scale: Rough calcium-bearing deposits that can coat spa surfaces,

heaters, plumbing lines, and clog filters. Generally, scaling is caused by

mineral content combined with high pH. Additionally, scale forms more

readily at higher water temperatures.

Super-Chlorination: Also known as “shock treatment.” Super-

Chlorination is a process of adding significant doses of a quick dissolving

sanitizer (“dichlor” is recommended) to oxidize non-filterable organic

waste and to remove chloramines and bromamines.

Total Alkalinity (TA): The amount of bicarbonates, carbonates, and

hydroxides present in spa water. Proper total alkalinity is important for

pH control. If the TA is too high, the pH is difficult to adjust. If the TA is

too low, the pH will be difficult

to hold at the proper level. The desired

range of TA in spa water is 40 to 120 ppm.

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