Bedienungsanleitung Palm treo 680 (Seite 266 von 312) (Englisch)

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REGULATORY INFORMATION

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Working Group, which coordinates RF health-related activities among

the various federal agencies with health or regulatory responsibilities

in this area.

OSHA is responsible for protecting workers from exposure to

hazardous chemical and physical agents. In 1971, OSHA issued a

protection guide for exposure of workers to RF radiation [29 CFR

1910.97]. However, this guide was later ruled to be only advisory and

not mandatory. Moreover, it was based on an earlier RF exposure

standard that has now been revised. At the present time, OSHA uses

the IEEE and/or FCC exposure guidelines for enforcement purposes

under OSHA's “general duty clause” (for more information see:

http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/index.html

NIOSH is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

It conducts research and investigations into issues related to

occupational exposure to chemical and physical agents. NIOSH has,

in the past, undertaken to develop RF exposure guidelines for

workers, but final guidelines were never adopted by the agency.

NIOSH conducts safety-related RF studies through its Physical

Agents Effects Branch in Cincinnati, Ohio.

The NTIA is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce and is

responsible for authorizing Federal Government use of the RF

electromagnetic spectrum. Like the FCC, the NTIA also has NEPA

responsibilities and has considered adopting guidelines for evaluating

RF exposure from U.S. Government transmitters such as radar and

military facilities.

The Department of Defense (DOD) has conducted research on the

biological effects of RF energy for a number of years. This research is

now conducted primarily at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory

located at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. The DOD Web site for RF

biological effects information is listed with other sites in conjunction

with a question on other sources of information, below.

Who funds and carries out research on the biological effects of

RF energy? Research into possible biological effects of RF energy

is carried out in laboratories in the United States and around the

world. In the U.S., most research has been funded by the

Department of Defense, due to the extensive military use of RF

equipment such as radar and high-powered radio transmitters. In

addition, some federal agencies responsible for health and safety,

such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), have sponsored and conducted

research in this area. At the present time, most of the non-military

research on biological effects of RF energy in the U.S. is being funded

by industry organizations. More research is being carried out

overseas, particularly in Europe.

In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the

International EMF Project to review the scientific literature and work

towards resolution of health concerns over the use of RF technology.

WHO maintains a Web site that provides extensive information on

this project and about RF biological effects and research

(www.who.ch/peh-emf

FDA, EPA and other US government agencies responsible for public

health and safety have worked together and in connection with WHO

to monitor developments and identify research needs related to RF

biological effects.

How does FCC audit cell phone RF? After FCC grants permission

for a particular cellular telephone to be marketed, FCC will

occasionally conduct “post-grant” testing to determine whether

production versions of the phone are being produced to conform with

FCC regulatory requirements. The manufacturer of a cell phone that

does not meet FCC's regulatory requirements may be required to

remove the cell phone from use and to refund the purchase price or

provide a replacement phone, and may be subject to civil or criminal

penalties. In addition, if the cell phone presents a risk of injury to the

user, FDA may also take regulatory action. The most important

post-grant test, from a consumer's perspective, is testing of the RF

emissions of the phone. FCC measures the Specific Absorption Rate

(SAR) of the phone, following a very rigorous testing protocol. As is

true for nearly any scientific measurement, there is a possibility that

the test measurement may be less than or greater than the actual RF

emitted by the phone. This difference between the RF test

measurement and actual RF emission is because test measurements

are limited by instrument accuracy, because test measurement and

actual use environments are different, and other variable factors. This

inherent variability is known as “measurement uncertainty.” When

FCC conducts post-grant testing of a cell phone, FCC takes into

account any measurement uncertainty to when determining whether

regulatory action is appropriate. This approach ensures that

when FCC takes regulatory action, it will have a sound, defensible

scientific basis.

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