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Consumer Update

Consumer Update on Mobile Phones

(Published by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices

and Radiological Health, October 20, 1999.)

FDA has been receiving inquiries about the safety of mobile phones,

including cellular phones and PCS phones. The following summarizes

what is known

–

and what remains unknown

–

about whether these

products can pose a hazard to health, and what can be done to minimize

any potential risk. This information may be used to respond to questions.

Why the concern?

Mobile phones emit low levels of radiofrequency energy (i.e., radiofrequency

radiation) in the microwave range while being used. They also emit very low

levels of radiofrequency energy (RF), considered non-significant, when in

the stand-by mode. It is well known that high levels of RF can produce

biological damage through heating effects (this is how your microwave oven

is able to cook food). However, it is not known whether, to what extent, or

through what mechanism, lower levels of RF might cause adverse health

effects as well. Although some research has been done to address these

questions, no clear picture of the biological effects of this type of radiation

has emerged to date. Thus, the available science does not allow us to

conclude that mobile phones are absolutely safe, or that they are unsafe.

However, the available scientific evidence does not demonstrate any

adverse health effects associated with the use of mobile phones.

What kind of phones are in question?

Questions have been raised about hand-held mobile phones, the kind

that have a built-in antenna that is positioned close to the user’s head

during normal telephone conversation.

These types of mobile phones are of concern because of the short

distance between the phone’s antenna

–

the primary source of the RF

–

and the person’s head. The exposure to RF from mobile phones in which

the antenna is located at greater distances from the user (on the outside

of a car, for example) is drastically lower than that from hand-held

phones, because a person’s RF exposure decreases rapidly with

distance from the source. The safety of so-called “cordless phones”,

which have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house and

which operate at far lower power levels and frequencies, has not been

questioned.

How much evidence is there that handheld mobile phones

might be harmful?

Briefly, there is not enough evidence to know for sure, either way;

however, research efforts are on-going. The existing scientific evidence

is conflicting and many of the studies that have been done to date have

suffered from flaws in their research methods. Animal experiments

investigating the effects of RF exposures characteristic of mobile

phones have yielded conflicting results. A few animal studies, however,

have suggested that low levels of RF could accelerate the development

of cancer in laboratory animals. In one study, mice genetically altered

to be predisposed to developing one type of cancer developed more

than twice as many such cancers when they were exposed to RF

energy compared to controls. There is much uncertainty among

scientists about whether results obtained from animal studies apply to

the use of mobile phones. First, it is uncertain how to apply the results

obtained in rats and mice to humans. Second, many of the studies that

showed increased tumor development used animals that had already

been treated with cancer-causing chemicals, and other studies

exposed the animals to the RF virtually continuously – up to 22 hours

per day.

For the past five years in the United States, the mobile phone industry

has supported research into the safety of mobile phones. This research

has resulted in two findings in particular that merit additional study:

1.In a hospital-based, case-control study, researchers looked for an

association between mobile phone use and either glioma (a type of brain

cancer) or acoustic neuroma (a benign tumor of the nerve sheath). No

statistically significant association was found between mobile phone use

and acoustic neuroma. There was also no association between mobile

phone use and gliomas when all types of gliomas were considered

together. It should be noted that the average length of mobile phone

exposure in this study was less than three years.

When 20 types of glioma were considered separately, however, an

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