Bedienungsanleitung Yamaha 02RV2 (Seite 388 von 398) (Englisch)

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Glossary 293

02R User’s Guide

Modulation—Using a low frequency oscillator (LFO) to control a signal’s

frequency (pitch) or amplitude (level). The internal effects programs use

modulation for a number of their programs. See Internal Effects.

Nyquist Sampling Theorem—This theorem deﬁnes the process of

sampling audio with a digital system. Amongst other things, it states that

the sampling frequency of a digital audio system must be at least twice that

of the highest audio frequency, otherwise aliasing will occur. The Nyquist

theorem was developed at Bell Labs by C. Shannon and H. Nyquist. See

Aliasing.

over-sampling—The input analog signal is sampled at a much higher rate

than the normal sampling rate. Using the high sample rate, the digital data

may be processed with a very steep slope digital ﬁlter. As the ﬁlter is in the

digital domain, unpleasant side-effects, such as phase effects are

eliminated. The 02R uses 64-times over-sampling for most of its analog

inputs and 8-times over-sampling for most of its analog outputs.

PCM—Pulse Code Modulation. A scheme for encoding audio data as a

series of pulses. Each pulse deﬁnes a transition from binary one to binary

zero.

Peaking—An EQ circuit that is used to cut and boost a signal, centered

about a speciﬁc frequency. Using the bandwidth (Q) parameter, you can

widen or narrow the effect of the circuit.

Phase—Phase is the frequency coherence of a signal. If two signals are out

of phase, the trough of the ﬁrst waveform corresponds with the peak of the

second, resulting in cancellation. The 02R can reverse the phase of the input

signals, which allows you to compensate for incorrectly wired conductors

and so forth.

Program Change—A MIDI message that is used to recall programs. On the

02R they recall scene memories.

Q (bandwidth)—The bandwidth of an EQ band. For high values the

bandwidth is narrow. For low values, it is wide. See EQ .

Quantization—The encoding process when the analog input is

approximated (quantized) to the nearest binary value available. In the

20-bit system of the 02R, pulses are approximated to one of 1,048,576 binary

values. These approximations are not an exact duplication of the analog

waveform and are therefore contain quantization errors (noise). However,

this noise is reduced by over-sampling.

RAM (Random Access Memory)—A memory chip that stores data that

can be edited and changed. It requires a continuous electrical charge. The

02R scenes memories and other libraries are stored in RAM. An internal

backup battery provides the continuous charge. Contrast with ROM.

ROM (Read Only Memory)—A memory chip that stores data that cannot

be edited. The 02R operating system is stored in ROM. Contrast with RAM.

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