Bedienungsanleitung Yamaha CS2X (Seite 16 von 84) (Englisch)

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Getting Started

Oscillators, Filters, Amplifiers And Envelope Generators

Synthesizers rely on three distinct electronic components to imitate or “synthesize” the soundwaves of musical instrument voices as well

as create entirely new sounds. In traditional analog synthesis the fundamental source sound pitch is generated by an

oscillator

, its tone

is created by a

filter

, and its volume is determined by an

amplifier

Another key component is known as the

envelope generator

(EG). An envelope generator determines how the pitch, filter or amplifier

behaves over time to create greater dynamics. The EG affects specific sound levels over time through “ADSR” stages, or Attack (initial

fade-in time), Decay (the time it takes to reach the Sustain level), Sustain (the specified level while a key is held) and Release (the time

it takes for the level to reach zero after releasing the key).

The oscillator generates sound wave vibrations at controllable speeds, or

frequencies

(“cycles per second”) to create pitch. A frequency

cycle

is the time it takes for a sound

wave to go from its zero position (represented by the dotted line in the illustration) to

its point of maximum peak (top), back past zero to its maximum trough (bottom), and

finally back to zero. Frequencies are measured in “Hertz” (Hz), where one cycle per

second is equal to one Hz. Synthesizer oscillators usually offer a range of frequencies

between 20 Hz and 20kHz to generate pitch, which is the range of the “audio

spectrum” that most human beings can hear. They also usually offer various types of

sound waveforms with specific shapes and sound characteristics, such as sine,

sawtooth, square, pulse and other waves. Oscillators in the CS2x, unlike traditional

analog synthesizers, consist of complete AWM2-type sampled “waveforms” with

stable tuning. You can use the PEG (Pitch Envelope Generator) parameters to directly

control the critical pitch characteristics over time.

Musical instrument sounds are made up of the basic tone that we clearly distinguish

with our ears plus additional harmonics, or overtones which exist at each octave

above the basic tone, but that we cannot distinctly hear. The filter provides control

over these harmonics. By manipulating the filter’s cutoff frequency (which determines

where to delete, or cut off the overtones) and resonance settings, you can thus

determine the tone. With the CS2x, you can use the FEG (Filter Envelope Generator)

parameters to directly control the critical tone characteristics over time, as well as

control cutoff, resonance and other parameters to shape the tone.

An amplifier controls the volume of the tone. The CS2x has an AEG (Amplitude

Envelope Generator) which lets you control various volume characteristics over time.

AmplifierFilterOscillator

Controls Volume Characteristics Over TimeControls Pitch Characteristics Over Time Controls Tone Characteristics Over Time

Amplitude Envelope Generator

Pitch Envelope Generator Filter Envelope Generator

1 octave

1 cycle per second = 1 Hz

* Doubling the frequency increases pitch by one octave

** Halving the frequency decreases pitch by one octave

OSCILLATOR

Frequencies generate the pitch of specific notes

A2 = 220Hz

A3 = 440Hz

A4 = 880Hz

* **

FILTER

More harmonics

creates a

brighter tone

Less harmonics

creates a

darker tone

Harmonics

Basic tone

The number of harmonics can be

increased and decreased

AMPLIFIER

A tone’s volume level can be controlled

over time

Lower volume level

Higher volume level

cCS2x_Basic 12/10/98 5:25 PM Page 16

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